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Trump is making the use of force the new normal – and casting aside international law
With Iran attacks, President Trump is making the use of force the new normal – and casting aside international law
By Professor Marc Weller, Chatham House, 01 March 2026
The attacks – and the assassination of Supreme Leader Khamenei – create precedents for other countries seeking to resort to force without consideration for the rule of law.
The United States has taken a further, major step in unhinging the global order. The core principle of that order is that no state can go to war in pursuit of its own national policy. Where use of force is claimed as necessary in the global interest, this can only be done through a mandate from the UN Security Council.
After last year’s Israeli-US strikes against Iran, President Donald Trump’s threats of force against Greenland, the conflict in Gaza, Israel’s attack on Qatar and other cases, including most notably Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, it seems as if we are now moving to a world where deference to international law is no longer seen as decisive and the use of force is becoming the new normal.
The killing of Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ali Hosseini Khamenei, at the outset of the conflict has put this into even sharper focus.
Balancing national defence and the banning of war
The international system, as understood up to now, balances the need to safeguard the security of states with the aim of supressing war and its devastating consequences. The use of force is prohibited, although it remains available to countries as a last resort, when faced with an armed attack that cannot be averted or defeated by other means.
This rules out a preventative war, launched early against a potential enemy while the military balance still favours the attacker. There is also a prohibition on ‘pre-emptive war’ where both sides expect an armed conflict and striking first would offer an advantage. This would add greater instability as it would create an incentive for states to go to war first.
International law only allows ‘anticipatory’ self-defence when the other side has prepared its military hardware for an immediate attack and has taken a decision to launch hostilities. A state does not have to await a first blow once it is clear that a specific attack is inevitable and imminent. For instance, Israel’s first strike against Egypt in 1967 was justified by the imminent, large-scale attack Egypt was preparing.
US President Donald Trump has partly justified this latest attack by invoking a long list of hostile acts committed by Iran, starting with the Tehran hostage crisis of 1979, alleged involvement in terrorist attacks, and support for proxies hostile to the US.
However, international law does not permit the use of force in response to a hostile overall posture of another state short of an armed attack. Neither is the use of force permitted by way of armed retaliation in answer to past provocations. Force is only permissible as a means of last resort, where no other means is available to secure a state from an armed attack.
The president claims that Iran is developing intercontinental ballistic missiles that ‘could soon reach the American homeland.’ But Iran is not expected to achieve that capacity for another five to ten years.
There was also no indication of an imminent attack against US forces in the Middle East, within reach of Iran’s present medium-range missile force. Trump’s determination to ‘obliterate’ Iran’s military potential also appears to violate the requirement of proportionality which is part of the doctrine of self-defence.
Israel, which attacked Iran alongside the US, asserts that it faced an existential threat in the shape of Iran’s nuclear weapons programme and ballistic missile capacity, necessitating what it terms a ‘pre-emptive’ attack.
But Israel has confirmed that it has been planning and preparing for this operation with the US for many months. This suggests that this is indeed a war of choice – a preventative war – launched with due deliberation, while it was still relatively easy to remove Iran’s armed potential before it fully materialized.
Last June, some Western states did support ‘Operation Midnight Hammer’, when Washington joined Israel’s 12-day war to degrade Iran’s nuclear ambitions. But according to President Trump, that operation set back the Iranian nuclear programme by several years. That would undermine any claim of an imminent and overwhelming necessity to strike Iran now, as a last resort.
The progress made in the nuclear talks between the US and Iran in Geneva also diminishes such a claim. The Omani mediators have confirmed that Iran had agreed to important concessions concerning its nuclear enrichment programme – supposedly the principal focus of the talks.
Humanitarian objectives and regime change
Arguably, it is lawful to use force to save a population in another country from its own government. However, this doctrine is controversial. In any event, it applies only where a large segment of the population is threatened with extermination, enforced starvation or forced displacement. This would have been the case, for instance, in Rwanda in 1994, where some 800,000 civilians were massacred.
The Iranian government’s attacks on demonstrators in January were tragic. However, this probably did not yet reach the threshold justifying foreign military intervention. Moreover, a humanitarian intervention must aim to address an ongoing, overwhelming humanitarian emergency. The doctrine does not apply retroactively, after the emergency has passed. And the action taken must be strictly limited to its humanitarian motives, which may exclude an agenda of regime change.
It would also be difficult to justify intervention if the state doing the intervening is a principal agent that contributed to the emergency. In January, while the protests in Iran were underway, President Trump called on Iranians to ‘TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS…HELP IS ON ITS WAY’. That could be argued to have contributed to the armed confrontation between the Iranian government and segments of the population that followed the unrest.
Now, the US president has again expressly called on the people of Iran to ‘take over your government’ perhaps provoking the next armed confrontation between government and population.
Assassinating the political leadership
Targeted assassinations of political leaders in peacetime is prohibited – but during armed conflict the situation is more complex. In principle, only those involved in the military campaign can be targeted.
It is also generally assumed to be wise to keep the governmental authority in place, if only to have someone who can negotiate peace at the end of hostilities. There is also a reluctance to turn leaders into martyrs in the eyes of their followers. National leaders also may be hesitant to target their counterparts in other states, in case it leads to their own targeting.
In this instance, it is clear that Iran’s top leadership, including the Supreme Leader, cannot be easily distinguished from those directing the war. It would seem inappropriate to extend a kind of immunity to those who have been involved in past atrocities, including threats or even assaults, directly or through surrogates, and who are directing the present attacks on other states.
An authoritarian head of state can be so closely connected to the war effort, and indeed in charge of it, that he or she might be classified as being directly involved in the hostilities.
While this is also politically sensitive, the status of Ali Hosseini Khamenei as a religious leader, along with other clerics at the head of state institutions, would not necessarily grant them protection from attack. There is also no prohibition on attacks against buildings frequented by high officials, such as presidential palaces or key ministries, if they are used to direct the war effort.
War as the new normal ?
Although there is no available legal justification for the present, sustained attack on Iran, there has been only limited international condemnation. At an emergency session of the UN Security Council, other than the predictable attitude of Russia and China, only Columbia carefully framed its presentation in terms of international law and the evident violation of the prohibition of the use of force.
Iran’s record as a rogue state over the past decades dominated the debate, along with sharp criticism of its apparently indiscriminate, and indeed unlawful, counterattacks against other countries in the region.
As in the discussion of Trump’s Venezuela intervention, other states limited themselves to general exhortations that international law must be complied with, without drawing any conclusions concerning the attack on Iran. But such identifications of unlawful conduct by other states are essential if broader precedents upending the rule of law are to be avoided.
This reluctance to highlight unlawful conduct may encourage a broader sense that the use of force as a means of national policy is becoming acceptable again – at least to the most powerful countries.
It may seem inappropriate to insist on compliance with the law even where laudable objectives – such as nuclear non-proliferation and freedom from repression –are being claimed as the attackers’ objectives.
But with its actions, following its intervention in Venezuela and its threats against Greenland, the US has created multiple potential precedents which others may follow in different circumstances. Indeed, there are already cases where regional powers have acted in a similar way.
Moreover, it will not be easily possible to oppose further Russian aggression or potential Chinese expansionism if there are no clear principles left to rely on, without triggering objections of double standards and hypocrisy.
The US, and the states that have failed to identify its conduct as a violation of international law, may come to regret the loss of legal and moral authority this will bring.
Author
Professor Marc Weller: Director, Global Governance and Security Centre, Programme Director, International Law Programme, Chatham House
Disclaimer
The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CEMAS editorial team.
The lesser-known spice that can reduce cholesterol
The lesser-known spice that can reduce cholesterol
By Emma Clarke
LONDON, 22 Nov. - (ANA) - Cholesterol plays a crucial role in our overall health. It is essential for building cells and producing hormones, yet high levels of the wrong kind (LDL, or so-called "bad" cholesterol) can quietly put us at risk.
High levels cause one in five cardiovascular disease deaths in the UK, according to the British Heart Foundation. Despite the risks associated with high cholesterol, over half of UK adults are living with levels above national guidelines.
However, one small diet tweak could help. Often found in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine, black cumin, also known as nigella seeds or kalonji, has been found to reduce cholesterol and, additionally, protect against the risk of heart disease.
A new clinical trail by the Osaka Metropolitan University in Japan found that participants who consumed 5g – roughly one tablespoon – of black cumin seed powder every day for eight weeks showed "significant reductions" in blood triglycerides (a type of blood fat the body uses for energy), LDL and total cholesterol levels. What's more, their levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol levels increased.
Such improvements have been linked with a lower risk of heart disease, heart problems and premature death.
"This study strongly suggests that black cumin seeds are useful as a functional food for preventing obesity and lifestyle-related diseases," Professor Kojima-Yuasa said. "It was so gratifying to see black cumin comprehensively demonstrate actual, demonstrable blood lipid-lowering effects in a human trial."
The seeds are found in the head of the nigella sativa plant, native to western Asia and eastern Europe, as well as parts of Africa, and have long been used in cooking and traditional medicine. They have a slightly oniony taste and are a popular ingredient in curries.
They also taste great sprinkled over roasted vegetables and stir fries or lightly toasted and used as a crunchy garnish for salads and soups. Some people even add them to their daily smoothie or bowl of porridge.
6 other benefits of black cumin
1. Full of antioxidants
Studies have shown that black cumin is packed with antioxidants, which help protect your body fight off free radical cell damage.
2. Has anti-inflammatory effects
Black cumin has also been noted for its anti-inflammatory properties, which could help alleviate skin irritability and conditions such as psoriasis and acne, and may also aid in managing chronic conditions like asthma and promote wound healing.
3. Antibacterial qualities
Additional studies have shown that black cumin boosts significant antibacterial qualities. This could help boost the immune system and fight off diseases and viruses.
4. May help protect the liver
Black cumin seeds have previously been used to treat liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver and chronic hepatitis C. While more evidence is needed to support this link, there has been no evidence to suggest that black cumin has worsened liver diseases during treatment.
5. Can prevent stomach ulcers
Sometimes, when the stomach acid eats away at the protective layer of mucus that lines the stomach, ulcers are formed – and they can be incredibly painful.
A 2023 review found that trials based on animal research showed that nigella seeds could help preserve the stomach lining, and, therefore, prevent ulcers.
6. Help with blood sugar levels
There has also been some research into the link between black cumin seeds and blood sugar levels, with a clinical review finding that the spice may improve both blood sugar and insulin levels during fasting and after a meal.
No going back: How the Gaza genocide shattered the myth of Western morality
No going back: How the Gaza genocide shattered the myth of Western morality
By Daniel Lindley, the New Arab, 15 October 2025
Two years of genocide in Gaza showed the hollowness of the West vowing 'never again', as governments suppressed solidarity while enabling Israel's crimes.
In the same week that we marked two year years since the beginning of the Gaza genocide, a ceasefire was also announced, though it is difficult to imagine that the period will be remembered as a time of celebration. Our world was changed by the months of horrific killing, and the dividing lines were drawn. While the initial events have mostly been memory-holed, this was in fact clear almost from the start.
Already at the start of Israel’s war, in October 2023, concern in Brussels over their endorsement of actions “that will swiftly be labelled as war crimes,” was being reported. With one EU diplomat being quoted as saying: “We may be about to see massive ethnic cleansing.”
Another event that’s been memory-holed is how Western officials were pushing for Egypt to allow Israel to implement its plan to force the Palestinians of Gaza into the Sinai; only to be refused as “they shared widespread concerns that once Israel has forced the Palestinians out of Gaza, it will never let them back.”
Genocide is always wrong?
Now I’m certainly not saying that European liberals have never supported anything immoral before this, their special treatment of Israel despite its brazen violations of international law being but one example. But one core principle they’ve always pledged to maintain consensus on after the fall of Nazi Germany is that genocide is always wrong. It’s the basic moral lesson Europeans are all taught from childhood when they learn about WWII, to the extent that it’s become a sort of secular religion replacing traditional Bible stories.
To persuade Europeans to support Israel while it openly attempts to annihilate an entire people was always going to create some serious cognitive dissonance. If Israel could get this done quickly and relatively quietly (I’m detaching myself from morality here), these events probably would have passed without provoking an internal crisis. But it’s been two years; a combination of steadfast Palestinian resistance and international outrage hindering Israel’s starvation tactics left it still unable to achieve its strategic goal of permanently removing the Palestinians from the Gaza Strip.
It’s been incredibly depressing to witness just how much Israel has been able to get away with and still avoid hitting outright pariah status. I honestly wouldn’t have predicted that this slaughter would have been permitted to continue anywhere near this long, and it shouldn’t be forgotten that it was only halted the day that the US government decided it must end.
But it does feel like we’ve reached a turning point as of late. The UN report last month concluding that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza was much harder to dismiss than any previous organisation concluding the same thing.
Support for the UN has been a pillar of Western liberalism since its founding, and although liberals do feel they can disagree with it sometimes, it is very difficult indeed to convince them that it is an antisemitic organisation propagating blood libels. Saying that Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians is now a mainstream opinion in the West.
Global solidarity
We’ve seen a significant uptick in Palestine solidarity actions across Europe. In the UK, the government has arrested hundreds of people who have been protesting against the proscription of Palestine Action. This has led to absurd scenes of the police complaining that they can’t protect the public from actual terrorism because counter-terrorism officers are too busy arresting people for holding up signs.
The Council of Europe’s human rights commissioner Michael O'Flaherty also recently expressed his concerns to the Home Secretary over the arrests, and explained that, “domestic legislation designed to counter ‘terrorism’ or ‘violent extremism’ must not impose any limitations on fundamental rights and freedoms, including the right to freedom of peaceful assembly”.
This attempt to suppress Palestine solidarity efforts have actually given the movement a shot in the arm, and finding out if the British legal system even has the capacity to process and convict these thousands of non-violent ‘terrorists’ is a farce waiting to unfold.
Another farcical event was the aftermath of the Vuelta bicycle race in Spain. Spanish police apparently got so frustrated at their inability to prevent pro-Palestinian demonstrators from disrupting the Israeli team, that they vented their rage by beating up British tourists who clearly had nothing to do with the protest and were just passing by.
The Spanish Prime Minister went on to express his “deep admiration” for everyone who’d protested, also commenting that “sports organisations need to ask themselves whether it’s ethical for Israel to keep taking part in international competitions.” It’s very rare to see a European head of government endorse direct action like this. This has since been followed by even more militant actions in Italy, where unions have called a general strike in support of the Global Sumud Flotilla and the far-right government has struggled to cope with several days of demonstrations with participants numbering in the millions.
Another sign of Israel’s increased isolation is that next month the European Broadcast Union will be voting on whether to ban Israel from Eurovision, with Spain, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Ireland and Iceland all issuing statements saying if Israel is allowed to enter they’ll consider boycotting it. It’s also been reported that UEFA is considering banning Israeli teams from European football, with most members currently being in favour of a ban.
Both of these organisations decided to ban Russia from participating after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, so they can’t evade the issue by claiming to be neutral on geopolitics. Even if Israel ends up avoiding a ban from these competitions, it’s still an astounding collapse in its diplomatic standing that such a move is being seriously considered.
It shouldn’t have taken this long, of course, but we reached a point in the genocide where European government’s complicity has caused domestic unrest that could easily snowball into something more serious in the future. This is ironic given it is likely to have served as the principle motivation for these states to repress solidarity efforts over the past 24 months.
Author
Daniel Lindley is a writer and trade union activist in the UK.
Disclaimer
Opinions expressed in this article remain those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of The New Arab or CEMAS editorial board.
SIPRI Yearbook 2025
SIPRI Yearbook 2025
STOCKHOLM, 01 Oct. - (ANA) - SIPRI has published Yearbook 2025 in the Swedish capital Stockholm.
1. International stability, human security and the nuclear challenge
Global security continued to deterioratethroughout 2024. Markers of this persistentdeterioration included major armedconflicts in Ethiopia, Gaza, Myanmar,Sudan and Ukraine. Military spending,meanwhile, rose for the 10th successiveyear and exceeded $2.7 trillion in 2024.
Ecological disruption also continued, with2024 being the first year on record in whichthe average global temperature was clearlymore than 1.5°C above the pre-industrialaverage. New uncertainties arose in thefirst quarter of 2025 following the electionof Donald J. Trump as president of theUnited States, which prompted a significantdeparture from previous US policy andassumptions about global security andrelations with allies.
A new nuclear arms race?
The era of nuclear weapons reductions appears to have ended. Bilateral nuclear arms control between Russia and the USA entered crisis some years ago and is now almost over. Revitalized national debates in Europe, the Middle East and East Asia about nuclear status and strategy suggest there is some potential for more states to join the nuclear club. The signs are that a new qualitative nuclear arms race is gearing up and, compared with the last one, therisks are likely to be more diverse and moreserious. Among the key points of competition will be technological capacities in cyberspace, outer space and ocean space.
Thus, the idea of who is ahead in the race will be even more elusive and intangible, arms control will no longer suffice.
Facing the challenge
With President Trump’s return to the White House, there is a repeat of the paradoxical situation experienced during his first administration, in which none of the three great powers is committed to defending and upholding the world order. China, as a rising power, Russia, as a declining power, and the USA, as a profoundly disaffected power under Trump, all seek freedom from the constraints of agreed rules whenever they are inconvenient. One way forward is for medium and small powers towork together in coalitions with likeminded governments on specific goals.
Cooperation is of value even when it is not comprehensive. It is a pragmatic, viableapproach: the new realism.
A return to an era of reductions to the global nuclear arsenal, however, requiresagreement among the three great powers.
A new, general understanding is needed that nuclear weapons do not buy security and that their existence demands balanced behaviour by political leaders. Initial small steps towards reducing risk could form guardrails against disaster. Together with the voices of an informed public, they could also be part of building pressure on the three great powers to take the next steps in reducing their nuclear arsenals. - (ANA) -
For the full report, visit: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-08/yb25_summary_en_v2.pdf
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Navigating Financial Gateways and Security in Interactive Gaming
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Advanced Strategies for Evaluating Interactive Entertainment Platforms
The contemporary digital amusement landscape offers an incredibly diverse array of platforms specifically engineered to provide thrilling, high-stakes entertainment directly to personal devices. As technological capabilities have expanded exponentially, so too has the sophistication of these interactive wagering hubs. Today's enthusiasts are presented with options that range from heavily gamified adventure portals to colossal, encyclopedic libraries containing thousands of distinct interactive titles. The pursuit of identifying a premier destination requires looking past superficial marketing campaigns and thoroughly analyzing the foundational technology, the diversity of the software portfolios, and the strictness of their regulatory adherence. By understanding the unique value propositions of different operators, consumers can accurately align their personal preferences with the optimal digital environment.
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Speaking of hybrid integration, Winamax perfectly exemplifies how to successfully merge two massive entertainment sectors. Originally celebrated across continental Europe for its peer-to-peer poker networks and comprehensive sports wagering markets, Winamax has evolved to include a highly polished, robust interactive gaming section. Featuring over 1,500 meticulously selected titles, this destination is incredibly attractive to versatile consumers who enjoy alternating between analyzing sporting events and engaging with traditional digital amusements. Their promotional structure reflects this dual focus, frequently offering a combination of complimentary sports bets alongside spins for their software library. Winamax is also renowned for possessing one of the most technologically advanced and stable mobile applications available, ensuring a flawless experience regardless of the user's physical location.
The bedrock of any secure digital wagering experience is the implementation of impenetrable cryptographic security and the continuous validation of mathematical fairness. When data is transmitted from a personal device to the operator's servers, it must be shielded by advanced protocols. Modern consumers must be highly vigilant in ensuring their chosen platform adheres to strict technical standards. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption, universally denoted by a locked padlock icon within the browser's designated address bar, is mandatory for protecting all personal and financial data. Furthermore, visible certification seals from highly respected, independent auditing laboratories, such as eCOGRA, iTech Labs, or GLI, prove the integrity of the random number generators used in the games.
The logistical efficiency of financial transactions remains the most critical metric by which active users judge a platform's overall quality. A massive portfolio of entertaining software is entirely negated if an operator actively stalls or complicates the withdrawal process. An exceptional digital destination will support a highly diverse array of financial gateways to accommodate all preferences. E-wallet solutions consistently offer the most rapid transaction speeds. Traditional banking methods, while inherently secure and universally trusted, rely on older infrastructural networks that can delay receipt of funds by three to seven business days. Progressive platforms are also increasingly integrating direct banking services, which effectively bridges the gap, offering the security of a direct bank connection with the speed of a modern digital wallet.
Customer support infrastructure represents another critical, yet frequently overlooked, pillar of a premium entertainment hub. Even the most technologically advanced platforms will occasionally encounter software glitches or financial routing anomalies. When a user's capital is actively in transit, the ability to immediately contact a knowledgeable human representative is paramount. Top-tier operations invest heavily in their support centers, offering uninterrupted, round-the-clock live chat services staffed by highly trained agents who possess the administrative authority to manually investigate and resolve complex account issues. This level of immediate accessibility provides a profound psychological safety net.
Another crucial element of player protection is understanding the terms and conditions tied to promotional offers. Wagering requirements dictate how many times a bonus amount must be played through before it converts into withdrawable cash. A platform might offer a massive 200% match, but if the wagering requirement is set at an unreasonable 50x or 60x, the statistical probability of converting that bonus is incredibly low. Educated players look for platforms that balance generous matches with fair, achievable wagering limits, usually sitting comfortably between the 25x and 35x mark. Additionally, checking for game contribution weights is vital, as slots usually contribute 100% to these requirements, while table games may only contribute 10%.
Ultimately, engaging with digital wagering must be viewed through the lens of responsible recreation. The inherent mathematical realities dictate that the operator will systematically secure a profit over an extended timeline. Recognizing this fundamental truth allows individuals to engage with the software purely for its entertainment value. By proactively utilizing reality checks, establishing strict financial deposit ceilings, and strictly adhering to predetermined session lengths, enthusiasts can ensure their participation remains a thrilling, positive addition to their leisure activities, completely safeguarded against the potential pitfalls of unregulated behavior.
